A virtual power plant model for time-driven power flow calculations

This paper presents the implementation of a custom-made virtual power plant model in OpenDSS. The goal is to develop a model adequate for time-driven power flow calculations in distribution systems. The virtual power plant is modeled as the aggregation of renewable generation and energy storage connected to the distribution system through an inverter. The implemented operation mode allows the virtual power plant to act as a single dispatchable generation unit. The case studies presented in the paper demonstrate that the model behaves according to the specified control algorithm and show how it can be incorporated into the solution scheme of a general parallel genetic algorithm in order to obtain the optimal day-ahead dispatch. Simulation results exhibit a clear benefit from the deployment of a virtual power plant when compared to distributed generation based only on renewable intermittent generation.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

El comportamiento del mercado de trabajo en América Latina en el contexto de la globalización económica

La actual situación de las economías latinoamericanas pone de manifiesto la existencia de debilidades importantes a la hora de enfrentarse al avance del proceso globalizador con el fin de competir en un entorno abierto. La reacción de las economías latinoamericanas, más allá de las diferencias estructurales que se observan entre ellas, lleva consigo, de forma generalizada, el desarrollo de ajustes intensos en sus respectivos mercados laborales. Y el ajuste de los mercados laborales latinoamericanos se ha llevado a cabo a través de una vía de transformacion que muestra tres características singulares: incremento del desempleo abierto, ascenso del empleo informal y deterioro de la calidad en el empleo y la expansión de la brecha salarial, corolario, en parte, de una intensa moderación en el crecimiento de los salarios reales en la región. En este artículo se esboza una primera interpretación de estos tres mecanismos de ajuste laboral y se apunta una explicación para el mismo más allá de las propias variables laborales._______________________________The present situation of the Latin American economies shows the existence of important weaknesses at the time of facing the advance of globalization process, with the purpose of competing in open surroundings. In spite of the structural differences that we can observe among them, the reaction of Latin-Americans economies, in a generalized manner, carry on the development of intense adjustments in its respective labor markets. And, adjustment of the Latin American labor markets has been carried out through a transformation way that shows three singular characteristics: increase of open unemployment, ascent of informal employment and deterioration of their quality and expansion of the income and wage mismatch, which derivates, partly, from an intense moderation in the growth of the real wages in the region. This article outlines one first interpretation of these three labor adjustment mechanisms and it scores explained beyond the labor variables as themselves

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of young palaeoflood sediments

Comunicación dada en el XIV Reunión Nacional de Cuaternario, 30 junio y 1-2 julio 2015, GranadaOptically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of young palaeoflood sediments): The challenge of accurately estimating the deposition age of incompletely-bleached samples in luminescence dating has motivated developments in both measurement and analysis methods over the last few years. In this study, we compare the behaviour of CAM and IEU models when applied to dose distributions from a sequence of eight recent (40-1000 yr) flash flood deposits, potentially affected by incomplete bleaching. These dose distributions were obtained from quartz single grains and quartz small multigrain aliquots (~30 grains). Comparison was made between the different measuring and analysing techniques applied. The most suitable method was assessed by comparison of these results with those available from independent age control. It is shown that the measurement of multigrain aliquots in combination with the minimum age model IEU on OSL dose distributions is appropriate for the accurate dating of young flash flood deposits.Peer reviewe

Riesgos hidrológicos

9 páginas y 3 figurasLas inundaciones catastróficas ocurridas en España durante la segunda mitad de los años 90 han puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de disponer de datos hidrológicos sobre crecidas dentro de un marco temporal más amplio del que ofrecen los datos disponibles en las estaciones de aforo. Las técnicas paleohidrológicas de reconstrucción de paleocrecidas ofrecen información sobre la variabilidad hidrológica de las avenidas extraordinarias para periodos que pueden oscilar entre 100 y 10.000 años. En el presente trabajo se exponen los avances y las nuevas técnicas paleohidrológicas para la reconstrucción del registro de paleocrecidas de gran magnitud. En esta reconstrucción se utilizará el registro estratigráñco y geomorfológico de los depósitos de inundación(arenas y limos) y la información de avenidas históricas. Los cálculos hidráulicos de las paleocrecidas se realizan utilizando el modelo HEC- 2, tomando como indicadores de elevación mínima del agua durante el caudal punta la altura de los depósitos de avenida a lo largo de un tramo fluvial, así como las referencias históricas existentes. El análisis de la frecuencia de inundaciones (T=100, 500, 1000 y 5000 años) se realiza mediante la combinación de datos instrumentales, crecidas históricas y paleocrecidas utilizando métodos existentes de ajuste de funciones de distribución, como por ejemplo los algoritmos de Máxima Verosimilitud. La determinación de los caudales asociados a crecidas con largos periodos de retorno presenta una aplicación inmediata al análisis de riesgos y la seguridad de presas.CSIC - Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales (CCMA)Peer reviewe

Quantitative historical hydrology in Europe

Received: 27 Mar 2015 – Published in Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 30 Apr 2015 Revised: 02 Jul 2015 – Accepted: 11 Jul 2015 – Published: 10 Aug 2015In recent decades, the quantification of flood hydrological characteristics (peak discharge, hydrograph shape, and runoff volume) from documentary evidence has gained scientific recognition as a method to lengthen flood records of rare and extreme events. This paper describes the methodological evolution of quantitative historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. In the 19th century, discharge calculations based on flood marks were the only source of hydrological data for engineering design, but were later left aside in favour of systematic gauge records and conventional hydrological procedures. In the last two decades, there has been growing scientific and public interest in understanding long-term patterns of rare floods, in maintaining the flood heritage and memory of extremes, and developing methods for deterministic and statistical application to different scientific and engineering problems. A compilation of 46 case studies across Europe with reconstructed discharges demonstrates that (1) in most cases present flood magnitudes are not unusual within the context of the last millennium, although recent floods may exceed past floods in some temperate European rivers (e.g. the Vltava and Po rivers); (2) the frequency of extreme floods has decreased since the 1950s, although some rivers (e.g. the Gardon and Ouse rivers) show a reactivation of rare events over the last two decades. There is a great potential for gaining understanding of individual extreme events based on a combined multiproxy approach (palaeoflood and documentary records) providing high-resolution time flood series and their environmental and climatic changes; and for developing non-systematic and non-stationary statistical models based on relations of past floods with external and internal covariates under natural low-frequency climate variability.G. Benito and M. J. Machado were funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through research projects CLARIES (CGL2011-29176) and PALEOMED (CGL2014-58127-C3-1-R), and by the CSIC PIE Intramural Project (ref. 201430E003).Peer reviewe

Estimación de la recarga en lechos fluviales mediante sondas TDR flexibles durante eventos de avenida (Río Andarax, Almería)

Acta de las VIII Jornadas de Investigación de la Zona no Saturada del Suelo (Córdoba, España - 2007)[ES] En este trabajo se describe la metodología y la instrumentación instalada en el cauce fluvial para la medida de la infiltración directa en la zona no saturada asociada a las crecidas en el río Andarax (Almería), y se presentan los datos preliminares registrados en el primer año de funcionamiento de la estación. El objetivo final de este seguimiento es cuantificar la recarga a largo plazo de los acuíferos aluviales someros, asociada a eventos de crecida. La estación de medida se localiza en las proximidades de la localidad de Gádor, y permite el registro de los contenidos de humedad en la zona no saturada mediante sondas TDR flexibles (15 en total) hasta los 10 m de profundidad. Igualmente, se dispone de sondas para el registro del niveles del agua superficial durante la crecida y de las variaciones del nivel piezométrico. Los resultados preliminares muestran claramente que la metodología utilizada permite obtener datos de infiltración en la zona no saturada del suelo de manera continua y en tiempo real con mínimas perturbaciones de suelo. El registro de un evento ocurrido el 7 de Enero de 2006, de duración estimada de 7 días y cuyo calado máximo se ha registrado en 7 cm, permite demostrar que el hidrograma de crecida tiene una respuesta clara en el contenido de humedad del suelo en el perfil estudiado, con aumentos de hasta el 5% de humedad en sondas a profundidades superiores a 9 m. Analizando los cambios ocurridos en el nivel freático podemos comprobar que los datos obtenidos en el perfil estudiado son extrapolables al conjunto de la zona no saturada y con ello elaborar una estimación de la recarga.[EN] This work describes the methodological procedure and the instrumentation installed to monitor the infiltration through the vadose zone associated with flood events of the Andarax River (Almeria). First, the preliminary data recorded in the station’s first functional year are presented and discussed. The final objective of this monitoring was to quantify the long-term shallow alluvial aquifer recharge related to flooding. The monitoring station is located near Gador, and records the moisture contents through the vadose profile using 15 flexible TDR probes (FTDR) reaching depths of 10 m. In addition, water surface and groundwater piezometric levels are recorded. The preliminary results clearly show that the methodology chosen permits the collection of real time and continuous infiltration data in the vadose zone with minimum soil disturbances. The 7 January 2006 event recorded, 7 days in length and whose maximum flood height recorded was 7 centimeters, demonstrated that the flood hydrograph gave a clear response in the soil moisture content of the profile studied, with increases in soil water content of up to 5% for soil depths below 9 meters. Analyzing the changes in the ground water level it is obvious that the infiltration data can be applied to the whole vadose zone and therefore the aquifer recharge can be estimated.Este trabajo se ha realizado con la financiación del Proyecto Europeo WADE (FloodWater recharge of alluvial Aquifers in Dryland Environments, contrato no. GOCE-CT-2003-506680), y del proyecto CICYT PALEOREC “Infiltración en lechos fluviales y recarga de acuíferos relacionadas con avenidas y paleocrecidas en ríos efímeros” (Proyecto CGL2005-01977/HID).Peer reviewe

New Approach to Estimate Extreme Flooding Using Continuous Synthetic Simulation Supported by Regional Precipitation and Non-Systematic Flood Data

[EN] Stochastic weather generators combined with hydrological models have been proposed for continuous synthetic simulation to estimate return periods of extreme floods. Yet, this approach relies upon the length and spatial distribution of the precipitation input data series, which often are scarce, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In this work, we present a new approach for the estimation of extreme floods based on the continuous synthetic simulation method supported with inputs of (a) a regional study of extreme precipitation to improve the calibration of the weather generator (GWEX), and (b) non-systematic flood information (i.e., historical information and/or palaeoflood records) for the validation of the generated discharges with a fully distributed hydrological model (TETIS). The results showed that this complementary information of extremes allowed for a more accurate implementation of both the weather generator and the hydrological model. This, in turn, improved the flood quantile estimates, especially for those associated with return periods higher than 50 years but also for higher quantiles (up to approximately 500 years). Therefore, it has been proved that continuous synthetic simulation studies focused on the estimation of extreme floods should incorporate a generalized representation of regional extreme rainfall and/or non-systematic flood data, particularly in regions with scarce hydrometeorological records.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research projects TETISCHANGE (RTI2018-093717-B-100) and EPHIMED (CGL2017-86839-C3-1-R), both cofounded with FEDER European funds.Beneyto, C.; Aranda Domingo, JÁ.; Benito, G.; Francés, F. (2020). New Approach to Estimate Extreme Flooding Using Continuous Synthetic Simulation Supported by Regional Precipitation and Non-Systematic Flood Data. Water. 12(11):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113174S1161211Stedinger, J. R., & Griffis, V. W. (2008). Flood Frequency Analysis in the United States: Time to Update. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 13(4), 199-204. doi:10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2008)13:4(199)Francés, F. (1998). Using the TCEV distribution function with systematic and non-systematic data in a regional flood frequency analysis. Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, 12(4), 267-283. doi:10.1007/s004770050021Merz, R., & Blöschl, G. (2009). Process controls on the statistical flood moments - a data based analysis. Hydrological Processes, 23(5), 675-696. doi:10.1002/hyp.7168Stedinger, J. R., & Cohn, T. A. (1986). Flood Frequency Analysis With Historical and Paleoflood Information. Water Resources Research, 22(5), 785-793. doi:10.1029/wr022i005p00785Botero, B. A., & Francés, F. (2010). Estimation of high return period flood quantiles using additional non-systematic information with upper bounded statistical models. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(12), 2617-2628. doi:10.5194/hess-14-2617-2010Cohn, T. A., England, J. F., Berenbrock, C. E., Mason, R. R., Stedinger, J. R., & Lamontagne, J. R. (2013). A generalized Grubbs-Beck test statistic for detecting multiple potentially influential low outliers in flood series. Water Resources Research, 49(8), 5047-5058. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20392Emmanuel, I., Payrastre, O., Andrieu, H., & Zuber, F. (2017). A method for assessing the influence of rainfall spatial variability on hydrograph modeling. First case study in the Cevennes Region, southern France. Journal of Hydrology, 555, 314-322. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.011Pathiraja, S., Westra, S., & Sharma, A. (2012). Why continuous simulation? The role of antecedent moisture in design flood estimation. Water Resources Research, 48(6). doi:10.1029/2011wr010997Grimaldi, S., Nardi, F., Piscopia, R., Petroselli, A., & Apollonio, C. (2021). Continuous hydrologic modelling for design simulation in small and ungauged basins: A step forward and some tests for its practical use. Journal of Hydrology, 595, 125664. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125664Cameron, D. ., Beven, K. ., Tawn, J., Blazkova, S., & Naden, P. (1999). Flood frequency estimation by continuous simulation for a gauged upland catchment (with uncertainty). Journal of Hydrology, 219(3-4), 169-187. doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(99)00057-8Eagleson, P. S. (1972). Dynamics of flood frequency. Water Resources Research, 8(4), 878-898. doi:10.1029/wr008i004p00878Brocca, L., Liersch, S., Melone, F., Moramarco, T., & Volk, M. (2013). Application of a model-based rainfall-runoff database as efficient tool for flood risk management. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(8), 3159-3169. doi:10.5194/hess-17-3159-2013Cowpertwait, P., Ocio, D., Collazos, G., de Cos, O., & Stocker, C. (2013). Regionalised spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature models for flood studies in the Basque Country, Spain. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(2), 479-494. doi:10.5194/hess-17-479-2013Boughton, W., & Droop, O. (2003). Continuous simulation for design flood estimation—a review. Environmental Modelling & Software, 18(4), 309-318. doi:10.1016/s1364-8152(03)00004-5Soltani, A., & Hoogenboom, G. (2003). Minimum data requirements for parameter estimation of stochastic weather generators. Climate Research, 25, 109-119. doi:10.3354/cr025109Verdin, A., Rajagopalan, B., Kleiber, W., & Katz, R. W. (2014). Coupled stochastic weather generation using spatial and generalized linear models. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 29(2), 347-356. doi:10.1007/s00477-014-0911-6Cavanaugh, N. R., Gershunov, A., Panorska, A. K., & Kozubowski, T. J. (2015). The probability distribution of intense daily precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(5), 1560-1567. doi:10.1002/2015gl063238Furrer, E. M., & Katz, R. W. (2008). Improving the simulation of extreme precipitation events by stochastic weather generators. Water Resources Research, 44(12). doi:10.1029/2008wr007316Evin, G., Favre, A.-C., & Hingray, B. (2018). Stochastic generation of multi-site daily precipitation focusing on extreme events. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(1), 655-672. doi:10.5194/hess-22-655-2018Metzger, A., Marra, F., Smith, J. A., & Morin, E. (2020). Flood frequency estimation and uncertainty in arid/semi-arid regions. Journal of Hydrology, 590, 125254. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125254Zaman, M. A., Rahman, A., & Haddad, K. (2012). Regional flood frequency analysis in arid regions: A case study for Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 475, 74-83. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.054Merz, R., & Blöschl, G. (2008). Flood frequency hydrology: 1. Temporal, spatial, and causal expansion of information. Water Resources Research, 44(8). doi:10.1029/2007wr006744Merz, R., & Blöschl, G. (2008). Flood frequency hydrology: 2. Combining data evidence. Water Resources Research, 44(8). doi:10.1029/2007wr006745Benito, G., Sanchez-Moya, Y., Medialdea, A., Barriendos, M., Calle, M., Rico, M., … Machado, M. (2020). Extreme Floods in Small Mediterranean Catchments: Long-Term Response to Climate Variability and Change. Water, 12(4), 1008. doi:10.3390/w12041008Baker, V. R. (1987). Paleoflood hydrology and extraordinary flood events. Journal of Hydrology, 96(1-4), 79-99. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(87)90145-4Ballesteros-Cánovas, J. A., Sanchez-Silva, M., Bodoque, J. M., & Díez-Herrero, A. (2013). An Integrated Approach to Flood Risk Management: A Case Study of Navaluenga (Central Spain). Water Resources Management, 27(8), 3051-3069. doi:10.1007/s11269-013-0332-1Frances, F., Salas, J. D., & Boes, D. C. (1994). Flood frequency analysis with systematic and historical or paleoflood data based on the two-parameter general extreme value models. Water Resources Research, 30(6), 1653-1664. doi:10.1029/94wr00154Stedinger, J. R., & Baker, V. R. (1987). Surface water hydrology: Historical and paleoflood information. Reviews of Geophysics, 25(2), 119. doi:10.1029/rg025i002p00119Simón, J. L., Pérez-Cueva, A. J., & Calvo-Cases, A. (2013). Tectonic beheading of fluvial valleys in the Maestrat grabens (eastern Spain): Insights into slip rates of Pleistocene extensional faults. Tectonophysics, 593, 73-84. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.026Camarasa Belmonte, A. M., & Segura Beltrán, F. (2001). Flood events in Mediterranean ephemeral streams (ramblas) in Valencia region, Spain. CATENA, 45(3), 229-249. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00146-1Llasat, M. C., & Puigcerver, M. (1990). Cold air pools over Europe. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 42(3-4), 171-177. doi:10.1007/bf01314823Herrera, S., Fernández, J., & Gutiérrez, J. M. (2015). Update of the Spain02 gridded observational dataset for EURO-CORDEX evaluation: assessing the effect of the interpolation methodology. International Journal of Climatology, 36(2), 900-908. doi:10.1002/joc.4391Machado, M. J., Medialdea, A., Calle, M., Rico, M. T., Sánchez-Moya, Y., Sopeña, A., & Benito, G. (2017). Historical palaeohydrology and landscape resilience of a Mediterranean rambla (Castellón, NE Spain): Floods and people. Quaternary Science Reviews, 171, 182-198. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.07.014Francés, F., Vélez, J. I., & Vélez, J. J. (2007). Split-parameter structure for the automatic calibration of distributed hydrological models. Journal of Hydrology, 332(1-2), 226-240. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.032Papastathopoulos, I., & Tawn, J. A. (2013). Extended generalised Pareto models for tail estimation. 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Declining discharge of glacier outburst floods through the Holocene in Central Patagonia

Glacier outburstfloods are a major hazard in glacierized catchments. Global analyses have shownreduced frequency of glacierfloods over recent decades but there is limited longer-term data on eventmagnitude and frequency. Here, we present a Holocene palaeoflood record from the Río Baker (ChileanPatagonia), quantifying the discharge and timing of glacierfloods over millennial timescales. A cata-strophicflood of 110,000 m3/s (0.11 Sv) occurred at 9.6±0.8 ka, duringfinal stages of the Late GlacialInterglacial Transition, followed byfiveflood-phases coeval or post-dating Holocene neoglacials. Highestflood frequencies occurred at 4.3e4.4 ka, with 26floods of minimum discharges of 10,000e11,000 m3/s,and 0.6 ka with 10floods exceeding 4600e5700 m3/s. The largest modern outburstflood recordedsurpassed ~3810 m3/s. Thus glacierflood magnitude declines from the order of 0.1 to 0.01 Sv over theEarly to Mid Holocene, and to 0.001 Sv in the instrumental record.GB was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. VT would like to thank the Natural Resources Defence Council and Royal Holloway University of London Research Strategy Fund (RHUL-RSF) for funding initialfield visits that led tothis research. AD thanks equipment and field support from CIEP, B.Reid, DGA-Aysen, J. Tureo, C. Meier, C. Olivares, H. Soto, M. Williams(U Greenwich) and NERC-GEF. Xavier Rodriguez-Lloveras providedfield assistance duringfield work in April 2014.Peer reviewe

Brain MRI study for glioma segmentation using convolutional neural networks and original post-processing techniques with low computational demand

Gliomas are brain tumors composed of different highly heterogeneous histological subregions. Image analysis techniques to identify relevant tumor substructures have high potential for improving patient diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. However, due to the high heterogeneity of gliomas, the segmentation task is currently a major challenge in the field of medical image analysis. In the present work, the database of the Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) Challenge 2018, composed of multimodal MRI scans of gliomas, was studied. A segmentation methodology based on the design and application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) combined with original post-processing techniques with low computational demand was proposed. The post-processing techniques were the main responsible for the results obtained in the segmentations. The segmented regions were the whole tumor, the tumor core, and the enhancing tumor core, obtaining averaged Dice coefficients equal to 0.8934, 0.8376, and 0.8113, respectively. These results reached the state of the art in glioma segmentation determined by the winners of the challenge.Comment: 34 pages, 12 tables, 23 figure